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 Wysłany: Śro 2:24, 05 Sty 2011 Temat postu: ugg prezzo Swedish steel industry's research and d |
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Research and development of the Swedish steel industry
Plant, general plant research and development organization without the Company (Group) set up according to their scale or laboratory research and development centers, research and development centers and some are known as technology centers under the Deputy General general population in Shanghai Metal l Volume management leadership. Research and Development Center research projects are tightly bound to the application of the enterprise, the enterprise of highly confidential, are usually reluctant to cooperate with outsiders, such as Sandvik 1961,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], NASA commissioned the research space to accept ultra-high strength stainless steel wire, is behind closed doors in one year time period. When they were not allowed to delegate foreign research and development of test specimens, in order not to divulge the secret. Corporate research and development institutions who tripartite t is part of the basis of the material with the purpose of the study is to develop new kinds of steel, new materials and new applications, is engaged in the production process as part of study to improve production processes, reduce costs enhance the quality, these people often go to their counterparts in the factory, workshop, so they are following the production technology, quality and knowledgeable about,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], another part is to test analysts, with the physical production and research, performance, detection of chemical, etc. analysis, each mill has a staff in this area, but some analysts the company will be listed as the production of these first-line test preparation, not included in the preparation of R & D personnel, such as the production of actinide bearing the Ovako plant is like that. Swedish steel is also very focused research and development staff quality and quantity of research and development power regarded as strength in the global market competition, such as research centers Sandvik 200 people who have doctoral l1, 82 undergraduate students. The proportion of R & D personnel of enterprises vary, in general, relatively simple products, corporate, R & D personnel are fewer, such as the production of carbon steel plate-based SSAB, its technology center plus a total of 115 laboratories,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 4% of total number of companies, while the production of a variety of high Taijin Sandvik Steel, R & D personnel accounted for 8% of the number of companies, if the enterprises are small,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], not set up R & D personnel, such as AST (stainless steel pipe factory) has 190 employees , 35 managers, an annual output of 40,000 t steel, it is not R & D staff, its research and development work by the parent company Avesta out, because AST from the mother plant for the raw materials, products sold by the parent company, has been in the mother plant 8O full-time in R & D personnel. Some enterprises in order to tighten the preparation of, or based R & D institutions, such as Ovako Steel Rolling Mill (in Hellefors) has 600 employees, annual output of bearing steel 150 000 t, there is no research and development centers, but six technical staff engaged in this work. 3.2 Research and development funding and funding sources of corporate financing by enterprises for long-term costs of development projects allocated by the president directly, using their own words, employers are interested in funding the project by the company, most projects are by the subordinate factory, workshop commissioned R & D center column title of the two sides signed the contract, the client department to undertake research Helmets charges, clearing way to a bank, or by company stock arrives, but the research topic only in the implementation of some bear funds only after the establishment. / Only industry in research and development expenses for the annual sales of 2% to 5% range, depending on the needs of business and operating condition of the, ~ I1995 Sandvik's research and development expenses in 1200 million U.S. dollars, accounting for annual sales 5%, while the Ovako's research and development expenses for the annual sales of 2% to 3%. 4 Conclusion and Development of the Swedish steel industry not only focus on the current application,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but also aimed at the future, to carry out difficult and starting point of the study, as they took the lead in the 60 to 70 years to carry out secondary metallurgy and smelting reduction of, and results. Technically they are made of stainless steel in continuous casting and continuous casting of success, almost all are using stainless steel thin slab continuous casting billet or greatly reduce production costs. In recent years, they developed a thin wire with a slab continuous casting and continuous casting technology. MEFOS 3t non-vacuum induction furnace with steel, the molten steel cast by continuous casting machine caterpillar larvae 5 600ITLrfl wide strip of thick blanks. In Fagsta the Gradic will directly cast from stainless steel billet wire 5 larvae, and then had three helmets with steel wire rolling into 3.8. Yat two processes have arrangement is compact and low investment, low production cost advantages, is expected to be the end of the century industrialization. Sandvik and the United Kingdom Ospray companies to develop the spray forming technology, has achieved initial results, and start out the transfer of the technology. In short, the Swedish iron and steel industry in constant development, and constantly explore new technologies, develop new products, especially in terms of special steel, will maintain its leading position in the world. Contributions Date l98211: 25
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