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 Wysłany: Pią 12:11, 29 Kwi 2011 Temat postu: The achievements of prehistoric rice farming in Ch |
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The achievements of prehistoric rice farming in China
A large agricultural country of China since ancient times. Rice farming in China has a long history. Chinese Neolithic archaeological discoveries have proved, as early as prehistoric times and the south of the Yangtze River in China regions to develop a more mature rice agriculture. Prehistoric rice farming in China has gone from the origin, production, development, and to mature as a whole. Generally speaking, the early Neolithic period is the origin of rice farming, rice farming is to produce mid-Neolithic period of the late Neolithic Age is the period of great development of rice farming, rice farming is the late Neolithic maturity. It is in the development of prehistoric rice farming, based on the south of the Yangtze River and its vast area it produces a rich and varied culture of the Neolithic Age, showing the achievements of prehistoric rice farming and, ultimately, from the prehistoric to the civilization.
One of the early Neolithic origins of prehistoric rice farming
Rice farming is the cultivation of rice. Modern botany, genetics, agriculture research has revealed that, by the common wild rice by artificial cultivation of domesticated rice since come to change their genetic characteristics. Rufipogon is a perennial edible plants, cultivated rice is an annual food crops. Common wild rice should domesticated rice cultivation, which go through a lengthy process. Especially in the early stages of human history, the level of productivity is still very primitive conditions, this process but also to long. So, our ancient ancestors is under what circumstances, when, how to cultivate wild rice, domesticated rice from? 1994 Sino-US joint archaeological excavation of the Fairy Cave and the bucket Central Jiangxi years the two sites and about the same time Hunan Province, Hunan Road, the county archaeologist Yu Chan rocks in the excavation site, all for exploring the origin of rice agriculture provided the initial clues. Fairy Cave is a cave site, the nearby bucket doubles as a ring is a temporary camp, a natural rock shelf prey slaughter. Found in the excavation of two to three periods of accumulation (1). Upper Paleolithic saw the lower ring in the bucket (ie, J ~ O layer), carbon-14 dating of the uncorrected data is about 1.8 million years BC. In the Stone Age (or the end of the late Paleolithic attribution), including bucket middle ring (that F ~ 1 layer) and the lower the Fairy Cave. These two chipped stone tools unearthed during the primary, no polished stone tools, and no pottery. Early Neolithic Age including the bucket top ring (ie, B ~ E layer) and the Fairy Cave, upper, carbon-14 dating before about 9000 BC ~ 14,000 years (without correction), the biggest change is the emerging small amount of grinding Neolithic polished stone or in part, in particular, there are more new pottery. The salient feature is the cultivation of rice, polished stone tools and pottery co-exist.
Also extracted three times between wild rice phytolith, combined with pollen analysis, and the bucket can be seen from the Fairy Cave, Central ancestors to learn from the collection of cultivated wild rice, long rice change process. Ring in the bucket in the middle Stone Age layers within the G, suddenly appeared a large number of wild rice phytolith. Fairy Cave is also found in the lower wild rice phytolith. That when people collect a lot of wild rice as the main part of their food source. To the early Neolithic, Fairy Cave,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], unearthed near the top of cultivated rice phytolith. Particularly within the upper ring bucket bottom layer of the small wild rice and cultivated rice phytolith more telling change in the ratio, the lower part of E, D layer PHYTOLITH Oryza wild rice, cultivated rice about half and half to the middle C layer of the cultivated rice, wild rice phytolith much more than the upper layer B unearthed a large number of rice is likely to belong rice phytolith (2). Ring layer of rice by the bucket is phytolith analysis showed that in the Stone Age people have been gathering wild rice, from sporadic to abound. Early Neolithic began to still be a large number of cultivated rice, wild rice gathering, both the proportion of this occurs as long he's off the changes until completely replace the wild rice. Estimates through time for thousands of years. These findings on the origin of rice farming has very important value. Yu Chan Rock is a cave site. 1.5 m thick accumulation of strata is divided into 6 layers, 2 layers below the cultural layer. 1993,1995 conducted two years of excavation, dating about 12,000 BC - the former l years, discovered the fire burning to stone cores, flakes, choppers, scrapers chipped stone tools based , bone awl, arrowheads, shovel, shovel hook and corner angle of devices like the bone in the lower cultural layer excavated a small amount of heat is low, thick coarse stoneware tire (Jomon exposure to a sharp recovery at the end of the kettle-shaped device) , a large number of semi-fossil remains of aquatic animals and plants on land stone and so on. The most important thing is that BC is still near the bottom of the rice l 4 years or so, the identification of both wild, indica, japonica integrated features, the evolution of the most primitive type of ancient cultivated rice. This is the world's oldest cultivated rice physical specimens. Meanwhile, the soil sample analysis indicated that there are also rice phytoliths, that has begun small-scale cultivation of rice the most primitive (3). The discovery of the origin of prehistoric rice farming has an important value.
Archaeological discoveries from the above can initially see the origins of prehistoric rice farming in China's broad lines. L million years ago, from about BC Holocene warm period, the common wild rice are widely grown in the south of the Yangtze River basin and its region, providing people with a natural cereals. If the bucket ring, Fairy Cave, the site can see, in a large number of Stone Age people began to collect wild rice for food. The long-term collection practices, people familiar with the initial growth pattern of wild rice, wild rice gradually manual intervention, but did not reach the extent of the domestication of wild rice. To the early Neolithic, it is repeated in the artificial selection of wild rice, based on genetic characteristics of wild rice is changed gradually, the initial domestication of success, the basic form is cultivated rice species, the original cultivated rice. Both the original indica rice, japonica and wild rice is characterized by a kind of wild rice to the evolution of modern cultivated rice, the type of ancient cultivated rice in the evolution of a subspecies of the history of all the features (4).
Central and Fairy Cave bucket of rice found in the early Neolithic phytolith data also tells us that the ancient ancestors of cultivated rice cultivation in the preliminary master the technology later, is still quite a long period of time to different degrees consumption of wild rice collected from the beginning of the proportion of cultivated rice in the auxiliary position may be weak, and gradually over wild rice to cultivated rice and even the position of absolute dominance of the dominant position. Visible, rice agriculture originated in the people the cultivation of domesticated wild rice. Mastered the artificial cultivation of wild rice domestication of technology after planting rice only possible, but also the origin of prehistoric rice farming in order to have the most basic conditions and foundation. China's prehistoric ancestors of the early domestication of wild rice began in the Stone Age, the initial domestication of wild rice marks the successful arrival of the Neolithic Age, the Neolithic rice cultivation in the early stages of the origin of the prehistoric period.
China is one of the origin of cultivated rice in Asia, it is another origin of Asian cultivated rice in South Asia (in India as the center) is the origin and evolution of two separate systems. Yu Chan rocks found in China in the cultivation of rice in kind and the bucket shell rings found in cultivated rice phytolith, is the world's earliest known instance of its kind. In China as concerned, according to the current thread into account, that the Yangtze River should be the origin of rice cultivation in China range. Similar climatic conditions in the environment, cultural heritage area near the origin of the majority of rice, in addition to the bucket ring, Yu Chan a type of rock or a mountain valley remains outside the basin may also be in plain, lake, old and new areas of low hills Stone remains in the transition period, there is another path toward agriculture, such as found in the Dongting Lake Plain, northwest New Liyang Paleolithic transition remains is a clue (5). Ultimately, the convergence of several natural conditions, a profound cultural foundation, the development of more advanced archaeological culture block in the formation of multiple interactions of several rice cultivation in the development of the origin and development centers. The current rice farming in the early Neolithic archaeological findings suggest that the most prominent of the Yangtze River region as the origin of prehistoric rice farming in a region to achieve maximum success.
Second, the Neolithic prehistoric rice farming produces
BC 7000 - 5000 years before the Neolithic Period, in the Yangtze River basin had a more stable rice agriculture. Production began rice farming became an independent economic sector. This is the Yangtze River Neolithic culture is most evident.
Peng Li County, Hunan, represented the first mountain site Pengtoushan culture of the Yangtze's middle reaches of the earliest known Neolithic cultures, carbon-14 dating roughly 7000 BC - before 6000. Archaeological Institute of Hunan Province in 1988 on the site of the excavation Pengtoushan pottery were found in in many folders there are a large number of carbonized rice husk and rice. By the experts, whether they are cultivated rice can not be determined. But at the same time Pengtoushan also found pollen, oval, individual 37.5-40 microns, with single-hole, hole larger, thicker edge, the edge of the aperture with about 10-12 microns thick, the pollen profile lines more clearly, the surface smooth. Researchers believe that from an evolutionary point of view, the pollen crop selection in natural and man-made, its individual and apertures is gradually increasing. Therefore, these Pengtoushan pollen and pollen found in Zhejiang province the same shape, close to modern rice (6). Particularly important, in the same cultural sites in Hunan Lixian eighty Dang also found a large number of carbonized rice and rice, a total of about 15,000, is by far the carbonized rice excavated prehistoric sites in China and one of the largest rice location. The rice and rice on the 373 study for morphological analysis, identified remains of eighty-Dang is a group of indica rice, japonica
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