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 Wysłany: Czw 9:31, 28 Kwi 2011 Temat postu: Policies and principles of the American Distance E |
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Policies and principles of the American Distance Education and Enlightenment
Abstract Based on the U.S. policy on distance education, principles of analysis, its characters and summarized, and discussed the development of distance education in China policy and principles of the Enlightenment reference. Key words distance education; policy; principles distance education in China in recent years, the system and operating mechanism of the formation and operation in this process will play an important role, which is precisely at this stage of Distance Education Pilot Project of outstanding issues, we need to carry out the distance education policies, regulations and institutions study. For this, we the American Distance Education policies, principles and management systems were analyzed, hoping to find some of our policies and regulations to develop distance education is worth learning in China. In research work, we study the data are two major categories, one of which is the U.S. national distance education policies and principles, namely, macro-level policies and principles; the other is the United States in the organization of the distance education institutions The specific education policies, principles and provisions of that specific micro-level school units of the principles and strategies. This article focuses on an analysis of the former, and the latter with a brief summary. American Distance Education the analysis of policy and principles of American Distance Education policy document (1997), and traditional education survey 1. Focus on the quality of distance education - Distance education institutions focus on continuing qualification in the United States, providing distance education institutions may be of various types universities, educational institutions and commercial organizations, their ultimate goal of distance education is different, some are profitable, and some public welfare, so in terms of the learner's interests, or to consider the interests of society to ensure the quality of teaching is essential. Thus, in the U.S. national principles of distance education schools, with particular emphasis and focus on distance education and continuing to make the identification of qualifications and quality assessment. In addition to offering distance education institutions offering qualifications when assessed, is also the school of these organizations regularly assess the quality of distance education in order to prevent that after the process of accreditation of educational institutions teaching quality change. Typically, both the non-profit or profit distance education distance education, certification of the work is done by assessment of traditional education for the academic community. The academic community has two types: regional assessment of national groups and small-scale, professional evaluation bodies. Regional assessment usually will authorize a number of associations, but these institutions may also be assessed in the object. Comment on whether the object is to provide distance education courses, degree or accreditation, assessment and general curriculum standards are the same standard of quality assessment. Assessment of the contents involved: whether adequate library and media resources, teachers, participation of the method, the appropriate test standards, student learning outcomes and so on. Most higher education institutions will ask the region to assess the mission, as it is for students to access state and national financial support to go through the process. Small scale is by a professional assessment of individual courses for professional organizations, such as the American Law Association, the American Medical Association, the physical assessment. 2. Stressed the extensive - extensive Distance Education level U.S. government and various educational associations not only supports the application of distance education in higher education and adult education, and encourage kindergartens, elementary education, and other types of education at all levels in both the use of distance education technology and resources, experience in distance education. The following is a distance education course on the K12 phase described in the text, it clearly expressed the distance education courses during this period the design requirements: system is consistent, it will be better able to learn the core spirit of service while working to contain those who pre-vocational education and vocational training. Promote technology diversity - to play the advantages of various technologies and media rapid development of technology, coupled with distance education has long been used in a variety of technical means, the current can be used for distance education methods and techniques for a variety of means, and their own merits. Therefore, the U.S. national and state strategies in distance education have emphasized rational use of various media and technology for distance education services, improve the quality of distance education, but also encourage the students to make good use of different types of technology and resources, such as the Internet , CD-ROM, educational television programs, so as to maximize the advantages of various technologies and media. link within the world. For example, teachers and students in distance education interactive problem solving in addition and telephone interviews, many people have e-mail and online chat rooms to carry out. Members of the National Association of Distance Education in Higher Education conducted a survey, whether it be distance learning network of teachers still use traditional methods of teaching the teachers, many people have accepted the new technology, and applied to their own teaching activities . [4] 4. To promote integration - emphasis on the integration of funds and resources In the U.S., many educational organizations, companies, colleges and universities have financial, technical, human distance education, in order to avoid the funds, resources and technology, unnecessary duplication and waste, In the United States national and local policies for distance education are emphasized at all levels of government, various educational institutions, social groups and business organizations to be coordinated, their funding and resources to the unified planning, a planned complement each other for the remote destination education, so as to avoid unnecessary duplication and waste. time we will gradually increase distance education to a new level. For example, the Virtual University of California, and its more than 2,000 online course from California Virtual Community College, California State University campuses and California the other independent universities and colleges. Students registered as a virtual university through the network of students, you can choose to learn these courses. This will not only avoid the same course repeatedly by different educational institutions design, production, teaching situation, and educational institutions can play every advantage of educational resources. With distance education in the education market awareness of the value, more and more commercial organizations into distance education in the past, so there are some co-operation in educational institutions and commercial institutions carried out. For this reason, many distance education courses is based on business plans and business training needs to be created. In such cooperation, educational institutions,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], often in the course designers, developers, and the role of teaching activities, participation, and commercial technology providers often appear as is. In such cooperation, educational institutions can get the advantage of partners to provide them with technical support for distance education to pay the high cost, while their partners were given the to actual use in education and continuous development in the courses, the final completion of the study goals. For example, AT & T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) designed a learning network Virtual Academy (LearningNetworkVirtualAcademy), they are by the above methods and many universities and colleges to cooperate, including the Pennsylvania State University, George Washington University. In such cooperation, provided by the educational institutions teaching content, provided by commercial technologies that can be said to be a strong cooperation. 5. Attention to intellectual property - emphasis on distance education teaching resources and the technology used to manage and protect teaching resources and the various technologies for the protection of intellectual property protection actually. In the U.S., the awareness of intellectual property protection has been more popular, relevant policies, regulations and legal provisions more complete. Distance education in the macro policy, which also continue to emphasize and develop a series of methods and measures to protect the teaching of distance education resources and technologies. By the United States Copyright Office in May 1999 to develop the . Which this text to express the importance of intellectual property protection: intellectual property law education. Emphasis on teaching content development - to provide more and better courses to participate in distance education to ensure learners have more options to improve the quality of distance education, distance education to increase the diversity of U.S. national policy support the development of distance education courses, especially in online course development, and no longer control the release and presentation of network information. 7. Promote universal - universal consciousness Distance Education in the United States CommissiononColleges, WashingtonStateHigherEducationCoordinatingBoard, UnitedStatesDistanceLearningAssociation, NationalEducationAssociation policy documents and other institutions are introduced and analyzed in both stressed that the U.S. attaches great importance to citizens of the acceptance of lifelong education, and in this regard has a fine tradition. Americans do not resist continuing education, on the contrary has some consciousness, so they can actively participate in distance education, distance education can take advantage of the technology and resources for self-improvement and learning. referred to the U.S. government at all levels of distance education policy, and in particular the process of running, the organization of the different distance education institutions, will be characterized for its own school, the school regulations made for distance education and other specific principles and provisions. These principles are usually on school policy, student admissions, curriculum, assessment and certification methods, methods and use of resources in areas such as intellectual property protection detail. Different educational groups, its principles and provisions of the specific content will vary, but generally they develop these principles are departing from the following three points: first, reflecting the country's distance education policies and principles . A provision is appropriate for each national distance education policy, in principle, the contents of the concrete, are on the national and state levels of government such as distance education reflect the policies and principles, which is a pulse through the. Second, services for learners. School learners to understand the methods and the methods involved in distance education, choices and decisions about whether to participate in distance education, how to participate in distance education, in what type of distance education and learning what can be accomplished results. Third, to ensure the quality of education in the school's own services. By way of student enrollment, job submission methods and examination methods, a detailed assessment of the provisions of principles to ensure that learners learn to participate in certain learning outcomes achieved to ensure the school's teaching quality. On of Distance Education Distance Education in the United States by the analysis of policy and principle, we can obtain some useful distance education in China China. 1. Should be emphasized that the government's macro adjustment, the importance of science policy American Distance Education National Policy After many discussions and constantly updated, systematic development of distance education on many aspects of the detailed instructions and specifications, to specific school policies provides a solid foundation, making distance education policies in the macro to carry out distance education on the regulation and control. This is our inspiration, we must first develop a scientific policy of our national distance education, on the implementation of distance education, management and development of scientific, comprehensive and detailed planning and instructions to ensure the country can conduct distance education on a macroscopic level adjustment. 2. Development of distance education accreditation and quality control of the series of measures, and make it legal units in addition to the school at the beginning of the schools were eligible for certification, but also in the process of running continuously on their teaching quality to be monitored, ensure that educational institutions should be in school to maintain the level of the process. Quality monitoring mainly from the following aspects: quality of the course (traditional courses and online courses) teaching activities, teaching management, academic standards and learning resources for students to build the quantity and quality. Quality control standards developed by the national unity, and should be used to assess the general curriculum standards and requirements quite. 3. Reasonable under the guidance of national policy based on distance education policy at all levels to ensure that the policy of integration and flexibility vast regional differences, therefore, under the guidance of national unity policy, government and educational institutions at all levels have developed their own policies and principles of distance education, both distance education can ensure the development of the national unity, while also satisfying the actual needs in different regions. Distribution of educational resources in China is very average, more eastern and western regions less, the same degree of uneven economic development. Around according to their characteristics and the economic strength of distance education to develop appropriate policies, will be able to more rational use of technologies and resources to the development of distance education. If the economic situation in the western region should be based on their own to provide educational resources via satellite, you can introduce some policies to promote the implementation of this approach; eastern provinces to play in economically developed areas such as network and computer information technology in distance education advantages, it can be with the introduction of policies to promote and protect the project implementation. , Of course, the specific educational units to the national distance education policies, principles, carefully developed their own educational principles must reflect the basic policy of national distance education, attention to ensuring the principles of general principles and local consistency and integrity. 4. Formulation and use of policies to promote social capital and resources on distance education carried out in the process of integration recent years, the development of distance education in China is very fast, according to the information reported: In recent years, the EDU website for domain name registration every six months increasing at a rate of about 100, many optimistic about China's education market of foreign capital to intervene in the way COM domain name in Distance Education in China; the same time, there are many comprehensive portal dedicated educational channel set up to carry out online distance education. According to statistics, in the network sector work in education or training about the Internet unit in 3000 or so. Meanwhile, the state and all levels of government also increased the distance education capital investments. To make reasonable use of these funds and resources to put into those schools and the educated have benefited, to promote the sound development of distance education, an urgent need to formulate policies to promote a variety of resources and funding to effectively integrate and reasonable use. 5. Use of policies to promote the integrated use of multiple technologies With the development of distance education in China now there are traditional and modern information technology co-exist, we need to develop policies to ensure reasonable use of various technologies, which is conducive to play the advantages of various technologies, but also offers a variety of possible ways of learning, learning in different ways so that people have the opportunity to distance learning. In addition, the American Distance Education policies and their implementation during the design and development of teaching resources for attention, for the protection of intellectual property rights in distance education, and for participation in distance education, the cultivation of the concept of lifelong learning approach also worth learning from. [References] [1] [3] ReportonCopyrightandDigitalDistanceEducation. U. S. copyrightoffice. 1999 [2] [5] [6] NationalPolicyRecommendation1997 [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] [4] ASurveyofTraditionalAndDistanceLearningHigherEducationMembers. NEA. july2000http: / / [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] / he
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