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 Wysłany: Wto 2:12, 07 Gru 2010 Temat postu: Jordan Retro 4 The Collapse of Communism in East G |
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Communism’s Lasting Economic Effects on East Germany
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Berlin Wall Crumbles After 28 Years
The History of the Berlin Wall
The Soviet Relationship with East Germany
End of the Cold War
In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War came to an end. A popular uprising in 1989,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], known as the Autumn Revolution,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], led to a step-down of the East German government, which refused to call the army out on its own citizens. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev peaceably agreed to meet the leaders of the other former Allies and negotiate the reunification of the two German states. In the first six months of 1989, about 44,500 East Germans had emigrated to West Germany or Austria via Hungary. This number could be as much as 1,000 more, since not all refugees registered as they crossed. The border of Hungary was officially opened with Austria on September 4, 1989, after which 25,000 more East Germans emigrated out of the country.
The Berlin Wall was a 93 mile long barrier encircling West Berlin and separating it from communist East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The GDR referred to the Wall as the “Anti-Fascist Protection Barrier,” and East Berliners were barred from entering West Berlin by a 26 mile long section running directly through the city.
Although many cities in former East Germany now have a thriving culture and stable economies, migration from eastern Germany to western Germany continues on a daily basis.
By the 1980s, this part of the Wall was a complex structure,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], consisting of two high concrete stockades with “death strips” in between. These death strips contained another barbed wire fence or wall, tank traps, electric fences, and observation towers with mounted machine guns. Despite the obvious dangers, many East Germans risked their lives to cross into West Berlin. Over 3,000 people were arrested while attempting to escape, 5,000 were successful, and 200 were shot and killed.
At last, East Germans were “free” on November 9, after politburo member Gunter Schabowski announced that individuals could unconditionally apply for relocation to the West. Within hours of the announcement, thousands of people were flooding into West Germany. By the twelfth of November, over two million East Germans had left East Germany for the West. This exodus continued into the early 1990s at the rate of 2,000 to 3,000 people per day, and presently continues at a lesser rate.
With the collapse of the GDR, East German industries went under and government subsidies that had been provided by the GDR were lost. This was worsened by moving West Germany’s capital back to Berlin in 1990, after it had been in Bonn since 1949. Nevertheless, there have been massive efforts from both sides to rebuild Berlin and other parts of former East Germany. Over half the cost of the reconstruction of Berlin comes from the federal government, which gives more than $100 billion annually to rebuilding, and creates a severe deficit in the former West’s economy.
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