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Dołączył: 21 Lut 2011
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 Wysłany: Nie 11:06, 24 Kwi 2011 Temat postu: Christian Louboutin Greece war wfk zffq sts |
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Income of farmers need to break the institutional barriers
At present, the farmers income and employment situation is still more severe, the slow increase of farmers there are institutional factors, only the positive, and steadily promote the reform of the system in order to fundamentally improve the protection of the rural land system and stability, accelerate rural transfer, expand non-agricultural employment, improve rural finance, banking, taxation and social service system, effectively increasing the income of farmers. Peasants to increase income and employment situation is quite grim present, China's peasants to increase income and employment situation is quite serious, first in farmers income growth slowing since 1997, or even a decline. In 1996, rural per capita annual income growth of 9%, 4.6% growth in 1997, has been declining since the year 2000, the growth rate of only 2.1% this year estimated that only 4%. Followed mainly from non-agricultural income of the farmers, and declining income from agriculture. In 1998, the per capita income of farmers from agriculture decreased by 30 compared to 1997 yuan, 1999 off than in 1998 decreased by 50 yuan, in 2000 again reduced by 40 yuan, despite the recovery in 2001, but 4 years together, to per capita income from agriculture has dropped by 102 yuan, equivalent to net income of farmers from agriculture less than 8% in 1997. Third Chunnong Hu in reducing the income of farmers and the income gap among farmers is gradually expanding, and regional disparities are more apparent. Shanghai's households, the per capita annual income of up to 6,000 yuan, while farmers in Gansu and Guizhou per capita annual income is only 1,500 yuan. Fourth, the rural population and the income gap between urban residents gradually expanding. In 2001, per capita disposable income of urban residents was 6,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],860 yuan, an increase of 8.5%, while the rural per capita net income of only 2,366 yuan, an increase of 4.2%, the income ratio between 2.9 : 1, while the reform and opening up in 1978, both the income of only 2.57:1. The first half of this year, the disposable income of urban residents increased by 17.5%, while the cash income of farmers increased by only 5.9%, to the end of this year, the income ratio between the two may exceed 3:1, and this the gap is still widening. The other hand, transfer of rural population is facing tremendous pressure, difficulties in non-agricultural employment, agricultural employment still further increase. In 2001, China's net agricultural employment to reach 325 million people, more than before the reform and opening up not only not reduced, but increased by 4,000 million, while employment in township and village enterprises in China from 1997 to 2001 has been hovering around 5 years 1.3 billion people or so, failed to absorb more surplus rural labor. Six institutional factors impede peasant incomes slow increase of farmers, in addition to constraints by the agricultural market, and increase other non-agricultural employment difficulties because the surface constraints, there is a deeper level of institutional factors constraints. One of the most fundamental institutional obstacles to long-standing division of urban-rural dual structure system, leading to difficulties in the transfer of rural surplus labor to increase. China's current per capita GDP only 900 dollars, but there have been serious agricultural market constraints, the fundamental reason is that the proportion of urban consumers is too small, slow growth. 60% of the country and more people are engaged in agricultural production, but only 30% of the number of people to spend through the purchase of agricultural products, it is premature agricultural market constraints underlying causes, there is an urgent need to speed up the process of urbanization in China and the rural population to cities and towns and expand the urban consumer groups. Promoting China's urbanization process has two pivot, first, the development of large cities, the second is the construction of small towns, which among which the free movement of farmers as a link. However, a large number of farmers in the process of spontaneous flow to cities and towns, many migrant workers are subjected to unfair treatment, the population in many cities to foreign policy is still discriminatory and restrictive measures, which to some extent, impeded the transfer of rural population to cities and towns . According to statistics, in 2001 migrant farmers in more than 3 months 8,800 million. According to the survey, more than 80% of the workers in the city bear the dirty, hard, dangerous, poor work, but they contribute to the development for the city, and yet had to face low-income, high consumption of enormous pressure. Difficult to take root in the city, most farmers had to become migrant-style Data show that rural migrant workers and their families, as many as 100 million 3 thousand people, this is not just a question of economic development, but also a social stability. City government should treat migrant, at least not to set a lot of restrictive policies for farmers, the central government should be If the farmers can put yourself into the city's more consideration for them to provide convenience and assistance, farmers will be the accumulation of funds faster speed, China's urbanization rate will be faster. Followed by the financial system and our current tax system is difficult to adapt to the current rural economic and social development. Current expenditure on agriculture in China is relatively low, annual investment in agriculture and rural economic and social support for the cause of the funds only 2,000 billion yuan, 1.88 trillion yuan less than the total financial expenditure 11% of the farmers if the net 120 billion yuan every year to pay taxes and fees, net invested only 800 billion yuan, compared with 8 million farmers in the agricultural country, the investment is significantly lower, and the consequences that lead to agricultural and the underdeveloped infrastructure in rural areas, affecting rural economic and social sustainable development. The other hand, for rural taxes and fees also need to adjust settings. Currently, farmers are directly borne by the agricultural tax, special product tax and the slaughter of three types of taxes, total tax revenue of about 38.0 billion, representing only the national fiscal revenue 1.63 trillion yuan (2001) to 2.3%. Some still need to set down taxes is worth exploring, the government of collecting money through taxes, on the other hand the money made through transfer payments go, whether costs or operational costs of taxation are high, and this requires further Cancel some of the unreasonable taxes, fees, and further deepen and promote the reform of rural taxes and fees, and the speed of promotion can be faster. Compulsory education of farmers to bear a disproportionate cost, but also constraints a major factor in farmers income. The total number of compulsory education nationwide about 1.9 million people, 70% in rural areas, county and township levels of government to pay nearly 70% of the compulsory education expenses, many towns of its light on the financial burden of salaries to teachers over 60% of total expenditure. At the same time, county and township levels of government financial dependents account for 71% of the country, but the national fiscal revenue but only 21% of total income, the burden is very heavy. Heavy financial pressure on Local Government, to lighten their burdens and to ensure the normal operation of grassroots government to ensure the normal development of compulsory education, there are contradictions in fact, to gradually ease this contradiction, the need to establish public finance system and transfer payment system to start, consider the expenditure of compulsory education into government budgets and the implementation of the rural areas and farmers inclined to the financial and taxation system. The biggest problem is not lack of money, the key is to look at how the system tilted a little icing on the cake in the city to do less things, you can provide a temporary relief in the rural areas many more things. Third defect restricted financial system, especially in rural non-farm rural economy and economic development. Current shortage of rural finance is very prominent. In 2001, China's outstanding loans of 11.2 trillion yuan, of which only 570 billion yuan of agricultural loans, 5.1%; township enterprise loans of 6,400 billion yuan, accounting for 5.8%; even with the Agricultural Development Bank of the acquisition of agricultural and agriculture-related loans account for only 17% of the loan balance. Shortage of funds in the final analysis of rural institutional problems,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and the financial system on the tilt direction. Loan capital flows now there are some unreasonable phenomenon, one without a lot of money capital flows to some companies, that is, there is no flow to a number of ; the second is the flow of electricity, telecommunications, civil aviation, transportation, petrochemical, tobacco, and other state-owned monopoly-type industries and enterprises; third is more than 2,000 listed companies, many of the company continues to misappropriating; Fourth, bank lending remains constant In the large cities, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises are concentrated. Relative to the large and medium cities, and below the county's economy is characterized by a large proportion of state-owned economy is low, the possibility of financial support can be very small, so that led to the county and the areas below the county, the development of relatively large non-agricultural economic difficulties, in turn, difficult to digest surplus agricultural labor force, while in the absence of new economic growth point and the case of new sources of revenue, it will only reach out to farmers, thereby increase the burden on peasants, and a vicious cycle.
Fourth, development of markets for agricultural products circulation system is not perfect. Current food practice is problem. The first is to some extent, government pricing distorts the market supply and demand information. Higher than the market prices are likely to mislead farmers regardless of the backlog, blind production, eventually leading to high inventories, severely inhibited the current and future market price of grain. Followed by the country's grain subsidies to farmers is through food monopolistic operations to complete, which will inevitably occur in these sectors to seek their own interests and hurt the case of agriculture, and even some granaries reject the beginning, and then press down the price of private acquisition,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and then sell it into the granary to protect the illegal phenomenon. Merchant Liangfan despite repeated prohibitions in some places now, but farmers are willing to sell cheap, the fundamental reason is not able to really be open to purchase at protective prices, resulting in the original order to protect the interests of farmers policy, but to a large extent the field of protection of the grain circulation departments. In addition, the purchase price of cotton has been open since 1999, market prices have been volatile. Lint prices in the open front is 7 yuan / kg, after the opening of 1999 fell to 3.3 yuan / kg, the year 2000 rose to 5.8 yuan / kg, and this year fell to about 3.5 yuan per catty. Thus,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in the transition process, to form the normal supply and demand, not simply select the protection policy of liberalization can be solved or won, the key is that the Government should play its role properly, otherwise it may suffer losses of farmers. Accession to the WTO, with the circulation of the gradual opening up, China should establish a sound market-based circulation system of agricultural products at the same time, we must establish a set of WTO rules compatible with the domestic agricultural support and subsidies. Fifth constraint is the land system and the rural basic management systems. It is because of China's land contract system in the long-term implementation process, is not really stabilized over the farmers land rights in the legal form is not determined, was a result of land use rights transfer market is difficult to develop. Whether or remote villages around the towns to develop in the name of flagrant violations of examples of land use rights of farmers everywhere. farmers are forced to sell land use rights for the cheap price. When Pudong development levy to the local farmers compensation for 23,000 yuan per mu grain, vegetable compensation 28,000 yuan per mu, and then another six or seven million investment to complete the business, has been as high as three hundred thousand yuan per mu. If the planned economy era of the Why do some cities dare to put one after another ambitious development plan, in a sense, does not rule out playing in the capital of farmers on the land, including the idea of thinking. Land is not only the production of farmers, is the basic living of farmers, the current introduction of the reasonable transfer of the right to have positive and far-reaching significance. From the basic operating system, the existing household contract system is really not perfect, but it can not therefore deny the family-run agriculture in the universal law, without regard to the transfer of farmers, hoping to realize large-scale overnight management is unrealistic, the key is to constantly improve the agricultural social service system, and gradually took the road of industrialization. And to go the road of industrial development, we must increase the degree of organization of farmers, so from the inward-oriented, managed to export-oriented organizational model, management type organization paradigm shift. How to strengthen and develop community-based collective economic organizations at the same time, how in the development of industrial management of agriculture to support leading enterprises at the same time, as far as possible according to the needs of farmers, to develop their professional farmers cooperative This is to improve the organization of farmers into the market, the degree of priority. Sixth constraint is the government action is still not perfect. Development of market economy and accession to the WTO, the behavior and functions of government should be also changed accordingly to the current development situation, the government's actions there is still a lack of need to constantly adjust and improve . From the perspective of agricultural development, the current government to provide effective market information to farmers, agricultural production in a clear and strict production standards,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], farmers in the scientific and technological progress to provide strong support in the form of a sets of line with WTO rules and domestic agricultural support subsidies, etc., there are still shortcomings and deficiencies. In addition, current management approaches in many aspects of agriculture is still mainly rely on administrative orders to complete, is not free from the planned economy of the management model, which lacks, to some extent hindered the transition to modern agriculture in China's development process. Only the government truly
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