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 Wysłany: Czw 11:39, 09 Gru 2010 Temat postu: AJF6 Ethical Materialism A Behavior-Based Moral Co |
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Moral Inspiration
Although there is much variation in what is considered moral or immoral, all moral codes deal with one or all of the following three issues:
One motivation for acting morally is the desire to spread happiness and reduce suffering. Millions of people around the world support charity organizations such as Red Cross, CARE, Computers for Africa, Habitat for Humanity and many others out of the desire to reduce suffering. Red Cross and CARE provide disaster relief for the needy. Natural disasters involve the movement of water, air,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and other physical objects. Such movement involves destruction of houses, plants, and other objects that are necessary for survival. People support such causes to reduce such suffering caused by physical and emotional damage.
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Behavior deals with the movement of the body. Killing, for instance, is a behavior that involves body movement . Killing involves taking the life of a living creature, so it is impossible to kill air because air does not have life. The moral value of an action is based on the physical affect of it. Society considers an action moral if it causes happiness and immoral if it causes pain and suffering.
Basis of Morality
Lying or insulting are forms of speech that society considers immoral. Praising others and verbally expressing love are forms of speech society considers moral. Speech involves movement of the mouth, making it a physical process. The moral value of speech is deals with whether it causes happiness or pain.
Morality is difficult to define, but it generally deals with a code of conduct that governs right or wrong. It involves behavior, thoughts and emotions, and speech. Behavior and speech involve bodily movement, while thoughts and emotions involve movement in the brain. This means that morality relates to physical changes in the body as well as their physical outcomes. Such physical properties can provide a basis for morality within framework of materialist philosophy. Charity is one example of acting morally. Charity involves reducing homelessness, malnutrition, disease, and other physical states,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], thus charity is based on physical motives. Although religious groups engage in charity work, many religious groups also engage in warfare. Religions define morality as following the orders of the proper God, thus nonbelievers are viewed as evil. A physical-based moral code that defines morality increasing happiness and reducing suffering,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], however, only labels people as evil for causing immense suffering and would not motivate warfare against people on the basis of metaphysical beliefs.
Thoughts occur in the brain and are about a person, object or concept. Emotions also arise from the hypothalamus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex of the brain. Damage of these regions can cause lack of concern for others while stimulation of these regions can cause expressions heightened love, sexual desire, anger, etc. Although we have voluntary control over our behavior, excessive alteration of of these brain regions can cause involuntary changes of behavior. The moral value of thoughts and emotions also deal with whether they cause happiness or pain.
BehaviorThoughts and emotionsSpeech
Although behavior, thoughts, emotions, and speech are physical,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], most people believe morality arises from nonphysical beings God or other spiritual forces. People engage in charity work to make physical changes in the lives of poor people. Poverty is a physical situation characterized by homelessness, malnutrition, diseases, or other physical states. Charity work involves changing these physical states.
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